PFAS in the Food Chain: Understanding the Risks and Regulations

The Persistent Threat to Food Safety  

“Forever chemicals,” or PFAS, have silently infiltrated the environment, raising alarms about their impact on human health and the integrity of the food chain. Recent studies have highlighted their pervasive presence in food and water sources, prompting growing concern among consumers and regulators alike. 

This article delves into the complex issue of PFAS contamination, exploring how these persistent chemicals migrate from various sources into the food we consume. It also provides valuable insights for food companies on navigating this challenging landscape, ensuring the safety and sustainability of our food supply for generations to come. 

PFAS in the Food Chain 

Studies have detected PFAS in a range of food products in the Netherlands, including vegetables, fruits, meat, and dairy products. These chemicals can enter the food chain through various pathways, including contaminated soil and water and various contact materials (Fig.1). 

Common examples include: 

• Food Packaging: Fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, takeout containers, and even compostable service ware like plates, cups, and cutlery.

• Cookware: The non-stick coatings found on many cookware and bakeware items, while convenient for cooking and cleaning, often contain these chemicals

• Food Processing Equipment: Resistance to high temperatures makes these chemicals attractive for use in sealing gaskets and other components of food processing equipment, but it can ultimately result in contamination during processing

PFAS in Drinking Water 

Beyond food, drinking water is another potential source of exposure to these persistent contaminants. Studies have revealed the presence of PFAS in numerous drinking water sources across the Netherlands, particularly in regions marked by industrial activities or past use of firefighting foams. While the levels detected in most supplies currently fall below regulatory limits, growing concerns surrounding the potential health effects of even low-level exposure to these chemicals.

A Growing List of Concerns for Human Health

Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to a growing list of health concerns, including liver damage, thyroid dysfunction, immune system suppression, and even an increased risk of certain types of cancer. While scientists continue to unravel the full extent of their impact, the evidence suggests that certain populations are particularly vulnerable. Young children and infants, with their developing bodies, are at higher risk, as are pregnant and breastfeeding women.

The Paradox of Inertness

The inert nature of these chemicals, and their resistance to breakdown in both the environment and living organisms, is a double-edged sword: what seems like stability on the surface enables to be a dangerous and silent threat for this reason:

• Persistence and Bioaccumulation: Their inert nature allows accumulation over time in the environment and within our bodies

• Molecular Interactions: Despite being inert, they can still interact with proteins and other molecules in the body, potentially disrupting crucial functions

PFAS Exposure in Europe: A Widespread Reality 

Recent studies highlight a harsh reality: exposure to these persistent contaminants is widespread across Europe, with traces of them found in the blood of almost everyone tested. Teenagers appear particularly vulnerable (Fig. 2).

Current PFAS Regulations: Safeguarding Food and Water 

Understanding the key regulations governing PFAS in food and water is crucial for both consumers and businesses. Across Europe, a combination of national and EU-wide actions has been implemented to address this challenge.

Here’s a concise summary of the most pertinent regulations currently in effect in Europe:

• Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI): The EFSA’s TWI of 4.4 nanograms per kilogram of body weight per week serves as a guideline for safe exposure levels

• Maximum Levels in Food: The European Commission has set maximum levels in certain foods to reduce consumer exposure through diet

• Food Contact Materials: Restrictions on the use of PFHxA in food contact materials aim to further minimize exposure, coming into effect by 2025

• Drinking Water Directive: The EU Drinking Water Directive sets strict limits on concentration in drinking water, ensuring its safety

A Landscape in Flux 

The regulatory landscape surrounding these persistent chemicals is in a state of constant flux, mirroring the evolving scientific understanding and growing public concern. As research advances and new compounds are discovered, regulations will need to adapt to address these emerging threats.

The following can be anticipated:

• Expanding Restrictions: Limitations on use will likely extend to a wider range of applications

• Stricter Limits: The current permissible levels in food and water may be further reduced

• Adapting to New Threats: Legislation will need to keep pace with the identification and assessment of emerging PFAS-related compounds

Implications for Food Companies 

The evolving regulatory landscape presents both challenges and opportunities for food companies. Staying abreast of the latest developments and ensuring compliance with ever-stricter regulations will be crucial for maintaining market access and consumer trust. 

• Proactive Risk Management: Food companies need to adopt a proactive approach to management, including thorough supply chain assessments, robust testing and monitoring programs, and the exploration of PFAS-free alternatives 

• Transparency and Communication: Open communication with consumers about risks and mitigation efforts can help build trust and demonstrate a commitment to food safety

• Collaboration and Innovation: Collaboration between industry, regulators, and researchers will be essential in developing innovative solutions to ensure a safe and sustainable food supply

iMIS Food: Your Compass in the Shifting Landscape of Food Safety 

iMIS Food acts as a central hub for all food safety data, streamlining processes and ensuring companies stay ahead of the curve. The platform helps identify and address potential risks before they escalate. Its comprehensive regulatory database keeps users informed of the latest changes, enabling them to adapt their practices and avoid costly non-compliance issues.

Furthermore, iMIS Food’s holistic approach integrates various aspects of food safety management, from risk assessment and monitoring to compliance and reporting. This comprehensive system enables the building of a resilient food safety framework, safeguarding your business and your customers. 

Presentation iMIS Food Download

Sources  

• [1] Cross-cutting story 3: PFAS(z.d.). European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/zero-pollution/cross-cutting-stories/pfas 

• [2] EU Sets Limits for PFASin Certain Foods. (2022, 16 December). Food Safety. https://www.food-safety.com/articles/8222-eu-sets-limits-for-pfas-in-certain-foods 
• [3] European Food Safety Authority. (2020a, September 17). PFASin food: EFSA assesses risks and sets tolerable intake. European Food Safety Authority. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/pfas-food-efsa-assesses-risks-and-sets-tolerable-intake 
• [4] European Food Safety Authority. (2020b, september 17). Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/6223 
• [5] FDA. (2022). Authorized Uses of PFASin Food Contact Applications. FDA – Process Contaminants in Food. https://www.fda.gov/food/process-contaminants-food/authorized-uses-pfas-food-contact-applications#authorized-pfas-table 
• [6] Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS| US EPA. (2024, 16 mei). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas#:~:text=One%20common%20characteristic%20of%20concern,and%20the%20environment%20over%20time 
• [7] Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS1) – ECHA. (z.d.). https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/perfluoroalkyl-chemicals-pfas 
• [8] PFAS1| RIVM. (z.d.). https://www.rivm.nl/en/pfas